Non-drowsy antihistamines for hay fever

If you are suffering from hay fever or allergic-type symptoms such as an itchy nose, itchy rash or bite on the skin or redness and minor swelling of the skin, then an antihistamine may help relieve these symptoms for you.

Minor allergic reactions to products (washing detergent, creams, perfume), food or plant reactions (stinging nettles) can be safely treated with over-the-counter antihistamines and should get better in hours to days. Make sure to avoid whatever caused the reaction in future.

If you find that you are getting regular allergic reactions and do not know the reason why, you should discuss with your doctor, and you may benefit from getting allergy testing.

Non-drowsy antihistamines, also known as second-generation antihistamines, are a class of medications designed to relieve allergy symptoms without causing significant sedation. These antihistamines block the action of histamine, a chemical released during allergic reactions, and are often preferred for daytime use when alertness is crucial. Some common non-drowsy antihistamines include:

• Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - effective in relieving allergy symptoms and commonly used for hay fever.

• Loratadine (Clarityn) - similar in efficacy to cetirizine

• Fexofenadine (Allegra) - known for its rapid onset of action and greater efficacy against allergic symptoms.

Key differences about non-drowsy antihistamines:

• Limited sedation. Non-drowsy antihistamines have a reduced ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, resulting in fewer sedative effects compared to their first-generation counterparts.

• Longer duration of action. They often provide relief for a longer duration, allowing for once-daily dosing in many cases.  Both cetirizine and loratadine get to work within 1 to 3 hours, cetirizine perhaps slightly faster, and both peak in effectiveness after 8 to 12 hours, but last for at least 24 hours – loratadine possibly longer. At this dose, they are unlikely to make you drowsy.

• Suitable for daytime use. Due to their reduced sedative effects, non-drowsy antihistamines are suitable for daytime use and activities that require alertness.

• Fewer central nervous system side effects. Non-drowsy antihistamines are less likely to cause drowsiness, confusion, or impair cognitive function.

• May cause a dry mouth or headache. While generally well-tolerated, non-drowsy antihistamines may still have side effects such as dry mouth or headache.

Drowsy antihistamines, also known as first-generation antihistamines, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine in the body. However, these medications can also cause drowsiness due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the central nervous system.This may be an advantage if symptoms are worse at night, but not if you need to operate heavy machinery or drive long distances.

Common drowsy antihistamines include:

• <u>Diphenhydramine</u> (<u>Nytol</u>) - often used for allergy symptoms, itching, and as a sleep aid.

• <u>Chlorpheniramine</u> (<u>Piriton</u>) - used for various allergy symptoms and common cold relief.

• Hydroxyzine - used for allergic reactions, itching, and anxiety.

• <u>Promethazine</u> - used as a sleeping aid, as well in travel sickness and as an allergy treatment.

• Sedation. The primary side effect of drowsy antihistamines is sedation, which can range from mild drowsiness to significant sleepiness.

• Short duration of action. They often need to be taken multiple times a day due to their shorter duration of action compared to non-drowsy antihistamines. Despite this, some people think they work better for their particular hay fever – it's a question of trial and error what works for you.

• Caution with activities requiring alertness. Individuals taking drowsy antihistamines should exercise caution when engaging in activities that require alertness, such as driving or operating machinery.

• Not recommended for long-term use. Due to their sedative effects and the availability of newer, non-drowsy antihistamines, first-generation antihistamines are generally not recommended for long-term use.

• Dry mouth and constipation. These medications can have side effects such as dry mouth and constipation.

Additionally, individuals with certain medical conditions or those taking other medications should seek advice before using these antihistamines to avoid potential interactions or complications.